Folding chair.



H. G. FORSHAY; FOLDING CHAIR. APPLIOATIGN FILED FEB. 2a, 190s.

Patented Feb. 2, 1909. V

i' HENRY CLAY FORSHAY, OF NEW YORK, N. Y.

Y FOLDING cnam.

v Y specification efl Lettere Patent. Appiieetien med February 28,1908.serrano'. 418,300.

Patented Feb. 2, 1909.

To all whom t may concern.

Be it known that I, HENRY CLAY FoRsH'AY, a citizen of the United States,residing at the city of New York, in the county of New York and State ofNew York, have invented new and useful improvements in Folding Chairs,

of which the fo lowing is a specification.

Folding chairs, are useful in transportation and for large assemblages,also because of the small space they occupy when folded, nested, orpacked together and not in use. j

My invention relates to improvement in folding chairs, where the legs,backs ,or seats are foldable, and a flexible orV textile s eat may beused. h y y The object of my improvement is to rovide a folding chair,of very simple, dura le, and economic construction, light in weight, andyet very strong, and very compact when folded.

The folding chairs are specially suited for manufacturing in largequantities on yaccount of their simplicity and cheapness. My improvementalso makes the folding chair, practically noiseless on .opening and'closing, and also prevents two or more of the folding `chairs fromchafing and scratching each otherwhen nested or packed together.

ln my improvement l provide a self-acting seat roller, whereon alflexible or textile seat is automatically rolled wheny the chair isfolded, kand automatically vunrolled when the chair is opened. Theconstruction is such as to enable the self-acting seatroller Ywith theseat rolled thereon, and the legs of the fold# ing chair to be foldedush entirely within the dimension of the back-frameof the chair, therebyreducing the bulkof the chairito the minimum, and rendering it `more`conveniently ortable than is possible `with any of the otli textileseats attached thereto. .l also supply in my improvement a detachablesecondary and strengthening back-rest, that may be upholstered ifdesired. Y.

In my improvementV l attachthe flexible seat to the seat cross-bar, andthe self-acting seat roller by means of separable hinges and they aresoconstructed as to allow the seat to be replaced withk another in avery few moments. Y

The bottom cross-bar of the back-,frame is so constructed in myimprovement that it takes up all the side strains on the legs, andback-frame, andl adds greatly to the er folding chairs havingl flexibleor 4 strength, and durability of the folding chair thereby, and it alsowill prevent the squeaking sound usually heard, when using foldingchairs having the'back-frame pivoted to the legs.

My improvement sup lies a folding chair that can be opened an foldedfrom either the top or bottom ends, and if the user so desires thefolding chair will automatically fold of itself, simply by the act oflifting the chair clear of the ground, Aalso by drawing the chairbackward upon the rear legs when the `self-acting seat roller is at itsordinary tension, thereby allowing two of the chairs to be folded at thesame time, one with each hand, and allowing the user to fold the maximumnumber of the chairs in a given time.

lvly improvement consists in a certain construction and arrangement ofthe parts as hereinafter more fullyset forth, the essential features ofwhich being pointed out particularly in the claims.

I attain these objects by means illustrated inthe accompanying drawingin which- Figure 1 is a general view in perspective of my improvedfolding chair, with the flexible seat attached; Fig. 2, is a frontelevation of thefolding chair when folded with the seat rolled upon theself-acting seat roller; Fig. 3, is a side elevation of Fig. 2; Fig. 1,is a front elevation of the side-bars and the main back restV of theback-frame on the line 1 1, of Fig. 1; Fig. 5, is a verticalcross-section of the cross-zbar H, on the line 2 2, of Fig. 6; Fig. 6,is a verticalfront elevation of the legs a a, with vthe. cross-bar H,and the seat roller B, attached, reversed, upper ends down on line k3 3,of Fig. 2; Fig. 7, is a vertical cross section of the back-rest on theline 4 4, of Fig. 4, with a vertical crosssection of one of the frontlegs a a; Fig. 8, is a vertical cross section of the main and secondaryand strengthening back-rest on the line 5 5, of Fig. 1; Fig. 9 is avertical cross section of the bottom cross-bar of the back-frame on theline 6 6, of Fig. 1 Fig. `10, is a vertical cross section of the seatcross-bar with the hinge anda section of the seat attached on the linetion ofy the Aouter casing of the self-acting seat roller .showing thehalf hinge attached.

Similar. letters refery to similar parts throughout the several views.

a a, and bb, constitute the front and rear legspof the folding chair,the legs a a, having 17 7, of Fig.1;v Fig. 11, is a vertical cross secpthe saine depth, but being longer than the legs l) b, as shown in Fig. 2g the trent extensiens of the rear legs b b, are joined together by theseat cross-bar G, and at any desired distance from the lower ends by thecressbar f; the front legs a a, are pivcted centrally to, and at thesame distance from the lower ends of the legs b Z), as from the lowerends ci the legs a a, by the pivcts gg. When the legs a a, and the legsb b, are folded together, the rear extensions cf the iront legs a a,being longer than the trent extenshns et the rear legs i) b, will extendbeyond the seat cross-bar G, and the trent extenshns ci the rear legs l)b, and the legs c 0 and b b, Will be in line and flush with each ether,trent, rear, and at the lower ends as shown in Fig. 2. On the upper orinner side of the 'trent extensiens ci' the rear legs b b, and at thedesired distance below the seat cress-bar G, I have the recesses e e,and en the rear or under side of the rear extenshns cf the legs a a, andat the same distance from the pivots g g, as the recesses e e, on thetrent extensions of the rear legs b b, and er' the sanie depth as the recesses e e, I have the cross-bar H, that will inclsse in the recesses ee, and act as a stp when the legs a a, and b I), are folded together,and be lush with each pair of legs as shown in Fig. 2.

0n the inner side of the cross-bar H, and where it strikes into therecesses c e, I have the sound deadening cushions y y, as shown in Figs.5 and 6, which I may niake cf felt or similar material. I preferably uses; it rubber, which I secure into the hles having beveled edges in thecrt ss-bar H. W hen the chair is open the cushi/ns will protrude abovethe surface cf the cr; ss-bar H, shown in Fig. 5, and deaden the soundwhen the cr. ssb-.r H, strikes into the recesses e e. Vl.' hen the legsare folded and clL sely pressed together the rubber cushi ns yy, willspread and swell into the beveled p-trtins ci the hles and be flush withthe surface cf the cross-bar H, as shawn in Fig. 7, allowing the legs aa, and b b, to be in line and flush with each ether. Fer the better prLtecti-n cf the chir, I dupliczte the cushins y y, on the @ther er cuterside f the criss-bar H, with the cushi ns :c its sh wn in Figs. 2, 3 and5, as ch fe preventing cushi ns. I preferably c ntinue the h les and thecushi ns y y, entirely thr ugh the cr. ss-bar H, as sh wn in Figs. 5 and7. When two or mere chi-irs are packed t gether the ch 'te preventingcushins will rest against the outer side if the legs (f the other chiirand pr..tect the chairs fr. n1 ehafing and serrtching e ch r ther.

To the rear extensions of the front legs a a, I pivot centrally theretothe side-bars c c, of theback-franie oi the saine depth as the legs a,a, and b, with the pivots lr 7L. Near the upper ends I join thesideebars c e, of the back-frame with the back-rest F, and

at the lower ends I join the side-bars c e, with the bottom cross-bar E,as shown in Figs. l and 2. The location el the pivots z` 7e., in theside-bars c e, and the legs u, e, are determined by the inclination o'lthe backfraine desired. On the upper side and near the lower ends olEthe 'lront legs u, (1., I have the recesses d d, siinilar to therecesses e e, and on the under side and near the lower ends of the rearlegs l) l), I have the recesses it, siinilar to the recesses d d, asshown in Fig. l. When the back-traine ol'l the chair is pressed forwardover and beyond the seat cross-bar G, and downward, the back-rest F,will enter into the recesses d d, near the lower ends ot the 'lirontlegs 1l a, and the crossbar E, et the back-trarne will extend beyond andinc-lose the rear extensions ol the front legs a a. When in thatposition the chair is raised from the ground by the handle o, of thebottoni cross-bar E, ol the b; 'kfrarne, and the legs (L a, and b l),are l'olded together. T he recesses on the lower ends el' the legs Z) b,will overlap the back-rest F, the cross-bar II, will enter into therecesses e c, on the iront extensions oi: the rear legs (i l), and thechair will be l'olded entirely within the dimensions of the back-traine.The outer sur-'faces o'l" the back-traine and the legs of the foldingchair will be in line and lush with each other, the ends oi the legseverlapping the back-rest F, and the rear and front extensions oli thelegs being within the inclosure or" the cross-barlt, as shown in Fig. 2.

Manifestly to have the back-traine or" my chair at its greatestinclination the bottoni crossbar E, of the back-traine will rest againstthe rear extensions ot the iront legs, or upon the rear legs, andagainst the rear extensions of the front legs, both at the saine tiinewhen the chair is open, simply by lowering the pivots 7L r, in theside-bars or' the back-traine, and placing them higher in the rearextensions oiJ the 'liront legs,iand the chair will told as describedwithout departure from niy invention, but I proier the crossbar restingonly on the rear legs, as shown in Fig. l, because et the increasedstrength and steadiness o'l the chair gained thereby.

0n the back-rest and where the recesses of the front legs a a, strikeagainst it, .l have the sound dcadening and. chale preventing cushionsand 7c c, as shown in Figs. el and 7, similar in all respects to thecushions y y, and n: fr, inade in the saine manner and tor the sainepurposes. The sound deadening cushions y y, on the cross-bar ll, beingin the recesses c e, prevent the recesses 'z'. i., in the lower ends olithe legs l) l, iroin striking` the back-rest F, until the whole chair isfolded and pressed tightly together, and when two or more of the chairsare packed together the chate preventing cushions 7i: l?, and fc a willrest against the outer side or" ll O the legs *of `theother chair, 'andprevent and S, which I attach to the back-rest F, ink

the vacant space between the legs when the chair is folded, by thescrews in the rear of the back-rest F, as shown in Figf 1, or by othermeans. Obviously, I may` have the back-rest F, and the strengtheningbackrest I, of one `piece of material and have improvement to thefolding chair. On the under or inner side of the secondary backrest, Imay have .the groove or gutter r, parallel withand close to theVcontinuous edge for the purpose of receiving the nails that hold thematerial that the secondary back-rest may be upholstered withtherebyallowing it to be more evenly and closely secured against the mainback-rest F. I may also continue the'hand-hole s, of the main back-restentirely,V or partly through the secondary back-rest asshown in Fig. 8.

For the purposes of making the. whole kchair stronger and more steady,therefore more durable, I have where the bottom cross-bar E, strikesagainst the rear legs b b, the circumferential recesses mm. When thechair is open the rear legs b b, will enter into and engage with therecesses Am m, as shown in Fig. l, and will prevent the side strain onthe legs and the back-frame of the chair. I may have flat recesses orVcut-outs on the cross-bar E, whereit strikes the legs and still retainimprovement to the chair, but I prefer the circumferential recessesbecause of the vlesser friction. To deaden the sound and prevent thechaiing of the rear legs l) b, where'the cross-bar E, strikes them, Ihave the .circumferential cushions n n, in the recesses m m, preferallymade of felt. y The cushions may be iiush with the recesses, but Iprefer them not quite filling the same, as shown in Fig. 9. 1

'Ihe back-framehaving the cross-bar E,

with the recesses m m, and with, or without the cushions n n, may beapplied as wellto the folding chairs'where the bottom crossbar will restagainst thev rear extensions of the front legs, or upon the rear legs,and against the rear extensions of the front legs, both at the sametime.`

To the ends of the rear extensionsV ofthe front `legs I attach theself-acting seat roller B, as shown in Figs. l, 2 and 6, preferablykmade of metal on which the ilexihle or textile seat A, will rollclosely, evenly and silently automatically when the chair is beingopened or folded together. I attach the seat roller to the rearextensionsrof the' front legs by means of the pins 'v v, passing .byother common methods.

through V'the spindle of the seat roller as shown in Fig. 1. I mayvaccomplish the 'same I make no claim as to the mechanism of theself-acting seat roller, as I may use any of the old and well knownmeans of revolving the roller to accomplish my object of supplying aself-acting seat roller.

To the self-acting seat roller B, I attach the rear end of theliexibleor textile seat A, and to the seat cross-bar G, I attach the front endofthe seat A. I may attach the seat to the `self-acting seat roller bytightly vsewing it around or cementing it to the roller, or both, or byany other known method. I may attach the seat to the seat cross-bar bynails, screws, or any of the other Well known means. In my improvement Iattach the rear end ofthe seat to the self-acting seat roller by meansofthe hinge D. I may attach the hinge Vto the self-acting seat roller bysolder, or other means, or I may have the outer casing of the roller anda half hinge `made `of one piece of metal to serve as half bf the 4hingeD, as shown in Fig. 1 1 I attach the front end of the seat to the seatcross-b ar by means of the hinge C, as shown in Figs. l, 2 and 10. `Iuse for the hinges D and C, the

Vseparable hinges having doubled or folded leaves, as they are strongerand more suitable for my` pLurposes than the single leaf, or an inseparale hinge. Near the longitudinal edgesof the hinges, I have perforationsfor the purpose ofk attaching to the seat crossbar and the flexibleseat, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Y

I attach the ends of the seat in between the doubled or folded leaves ofthe hinges more securely than is possible with the hinges having singleleaves. The hinges D, and C, are separable and so constructed that thespindles and g, connecting the two halves of each of the hinges D and C,may easily be withdrawn. The spindle p, in the self-acting seat rollerVhinge D, may be withdrawn through the small holes t t, below theselfacting seat roller spindleends in the ends of the rear extensions ofthe legs a a, without removing the seat roller, as shown in Fig. 1.Otherwise to change the tension of the selfacting seat roller it wouldbe necessaryfto remove the seat from the seat cross-bar, and, to renewthe seating it would be necessary to remove the seat roller Vfrom thechair.y By being enabled to remove'the spindles p and g, a new seat maybe attached to the chair in place of the old one in a few moments. Thenew seat being supplied with the half hinges vattached thereto, I mayattach the hinges or the seat fastenings of the hinges. Also for dilviding the strain evenly longitudinally along the front and rear edgesof the seat, l may also place in the side edges or hems of the seat theuntearable overlapping flexible strips e 2, as shown in Fig. l0, todivide the strain evenly along the side edges of the seat, also toprevent any tearing or cutting of the edges of the seat from passingbeyond the said untearable overlapping strips. The overlapping stripswill slide one u pon the other in the stretching rolling, and unrollingof the said flexible seat.

Ordinarily the tension of the self-acting seat roller is fixed so thatit will allow the chair to be raised from the ground by the hand hole s,in the backerest l?, or the handle o, on the cross-bar E, without theseat rolling up, the flexible seat rolling up, only, upon the folding ofthe legs a e and l) t, together. vWhen a large number of the chairs areto be folded very rapidly, the spindle in the hinges D or C, may beremoved and a few turns of the self-acting seat roller in the properdirection will tighten the tension sufficiently. When the spindle isreplaced in the hinge the weight of the chair, and the spread of thecrossed legs will keep the chair open. To fold the chairs rapidly thebacleframe is thrown forward slightly, and it will fall of its ownweight over and beyond the front of the seat, and the back-rest will`fall into the recesses d d, on the front legs a a, the cushions in theback-rest deadening the sound. lilhcn the chair is tilted backward onthe rear legs, or lifted from the ground by the handle o, on thecross-bar E, the entire chair will fold together silently andautomatically. Practically the action of drawing backward or lifting thechair folds it up, and will allow one person to fold two of the chairsat the same time, one with each hand.

l may use in place of the self-acting seat roller, any ordinary roller,or crossbar, with any ordinary flexible or textile seat attachedthereto, and still retain improvement to and usefulness of the foldingchair.

Having thus described my invention what l claim as new, and desire tosecure by Letters Patent, is-

l. rhe combination in a folding chair, the cross-bar on and in the rearof the rear extensions of the front legs, the recesses on and in therear of the front extensions of the rear legs, the side-bars ef thebach-frame pivoted to the rear extensions of the front legs, saidside-bars being connected at the upper ends by the baclerest, the lowerends being conn nected by the cross-bar, said cross-bar resting on therear legs when the chair is open, and the recesses near the lower endsof the front and rear legs, said recesses overlapping the back-rest ofthe bach-frame, and the bottom cress-bar of the baclefraine foldingbeyond and inclosing the upper extensions of the legs when the chair isfolded substantially as set forth.

2. The combination in a folding chair, the cross-bar on and in the rearof the rear extenn sions of the front legs, the recesses en and in therear of the front extensions of the rear legs, the seat roller attachedto the rear extensions of the front legs, the flexible snit connected tothe seat roller and the seat crossbar by the separable hinges, and thesidebars ofthe baclr-fraine pivote/d to the rear extensions of the frontlegs, said side-bars eonnected at the upper ends by the baclercst, thelower ends connected by the crossbar, said cross-bar resting on the rearlegs when the chair is open, and the recesses near the lower ends of thefront and rear legs, said recesses overlapping the back-rest of thebaci;- fraine, and the bottom cross-bar of the bacle frame foldingbeyond and inclesing the upper extensions of the legs when the chair isfolded, substantially as set forth.

3. The comlfnnation in a folding chair, the side-bars of the back-framepivoted to the rear extensions of the front legs, said sidebars beingconnected at the upper ends by the baclrest, the lower ends beingconnected by the cross-bar, said cross-bar having the circumferentialrecesses, said recesses resting against and engaging with the rear legswhen the chair is open, substantially as set forth.

4. The combination in a folding chair, the side-bars of the bach-framepivoted to the rear extensions of the front legs, said sidebars beingconnected at the upper ends by the back-rest, the lower end beingconnected by the cross-bar, said cross-bar having the circumferentialrecesses, and the circumferential sound deadening cushions surnnnldingthe cross-bar in said recesses, said cushions striking against and therecesses engaging with the rear legs when the chair is open,substantially as set forth.

5. The combination in a folding chair, the cross-bar on and in the rearof the rear extensions of the front legs having the sound deadeningcushions, the recesses on and in the rear of the front extensions of therear legs, said cushions striking against the legs when the cross-barenters into the recesses, the side-bars of the back-frame pivoted to therear extensions of the front legs, said side-bars being connected at theupper ends by the back-rest, said bach-rest having the sound deadeningcushions, the lower ends being connected by the cross-bar, said crossbarresting on the rear legs when the chair is open, the recesses near thelower ends of the front and rear legs, said recesses overlapping thebaclcrest of the back-frame and the front legs striking against thecushions thereon, the cross-bar of the back-frame folding beyond. andinclosing the upper extensions of the legs when the chair is foldedsubstantially as set forth.

l l) O 6. The combination in a folding chair, the

ivoted to the rear extensions ofthe frontV egs, said side-bars beingconnected at the upper ends by` thev back-rest, andI the secondary andstrengthening backkrest attached to the said back-rest, the lower endsbeing connected by the cross-bar, said crossbar resting on the rear legswhen the chair is open, and the recesses near the lower ends `of thefront and rearlegs, said recessesy overlapping the back-rest of theback-frame, and the lower ends of the legs linclosing the side ends ofthe secondary and strengthening back-rest, and the cross-bar of thebackframe folding beyond and inclosing the upper extensionsof the legswhen the chair is folded, substantially as set forth.

7. The combination in a'folding chair, lthe cross-bar on and in the rearofthe rear extensions of the front legs having thesound deadenincushions, said cushions extending through t e said cross-bar and formingchafe preventing cushions in the rear thereof, the recesses on and inthe rear of the front extensions of the rear legs, said sounddeadeningcushions striking against the legs when the cross-bar enters into therecesses,A the sidebars of the back-frame pivoted to the rear extensionsof the front legs, said side-bars being connected at the upper ends bythe back-rest, said back-rest having the sound deadening cushions, saidcushions extending through the said back-rest and vforming chafepreventing cushionin the rear thereof,

the lower ends of the said side-bars being connected b the cross-bar,said cross-bar resting on t e rear legs when the chairis open, therecesses near the lower ends of the front and rear legs, said recessesoverlapping the back-rest of the back-frame and the legs strikingagainstthe sound deadening cus ions thereon, the cross-bar of thebackframe folding beyond and inclosing the upper extensions of the legswhen the chair is folded, the chafe preventing cushions in the rear ofthe back-rest and the chafe preventing cushions in the rear of the legcross-bar protecting thev chair front and rear from the chafing of thenext chair when two or more chairs arepacked or nested together,substantially as set forth.

8. The combination'in a folding chair the seat roller attached to therear extensions of the front legs, and the flexible seat conlnected tothe seat roller and the seat crossbar by the separable hinges, and thesidebars ofthe back-frame ivoted to the rear extensions of the frontegs, said side-bars connected at the upper ends by the* backrest and thelower ends connected by the cross-bar, said cross-bar resting on therear s lappin legs when `the cha-iris open, and the recesses v near thelower ends of the front and rear legs, said recesses overlapping thebackrest of the back-frame, and the bottom crossbar of the back-framelfolding beyond and inclosing they upper extensions of the legs whenthechair is folded, substantially as shown and described. Y

9.1Thecombination in a folding chair, the seat roller attached to therear extensions of thev front legs, and the flexible seat connected tothe seat roller and the seat crossbar by the separable hinges, and thelsidebars of the back-frame pivoted to the rear extensions of the frontegs, said side-bars connected at the upper ends by the backrest, and thesecondary and strengthening back-rest attached to the said back-rest,and the lower ends connected by the crossbar, said cross-bar resting onthe rear legs when the chair is open, and the recesses near the lowerends of the front'and rear legs, said recesses overlapping the back-restof the back-frame, andthe lower ends of the legs inclosing the side endsof the secondary and strengthening back-rest, and the bottom V'cross-barof the back-frame folding beyond andinclosing the upper extensions lofthe legs when the chair. is folded, substantially as shown anddescribed. s 10. The combination ina folding chair, the side-bars of theback-frame pivoted to the rear extensions of the front legs, saidside-bars being connected .at the upper ends by the back-rest, and thestrengthening back-rest; attached to the said back-rest, and the lowerends of thev side-bars of the back-frame connected by the cross-barresting on the rear legs when the chair is open, and the recesses at thelower ends of the front and rear legs, said recesses overthe mainback-rest, and the lower ends o the legs inclosing the side ends of the,strengthening back-rest when the chair is folded, substantially assetforth.

11. The combination in a folding chair,

-the cross-bar 0n and in the rear of the rear extensions of the frontlegs having the sound dea'denin cushions, said cushions extendingthrough t e said cross-bar and forming chafe preventing cushions in therear thereof, the

recesses on and in the rear of the front extensions ofthe rear legs,said sound deadening'cushions striking against the legs when thelcross-bar enters into the said recesses, the seat roller attached tovthe rear extension of the front legs, and the iiexible seat connectedto the seat roller and the seat cross-bar by the separable hinges, andthe side-bars of the back-frame ivoted to the rear extensions of thefront egs, said sidebars connected at the up er ends by the back-resthaving the soun deadening cushions, said cushions extending through thesaid back-rest and forming chafe preventing @alinas cushions, inthe rearthereof, andthe second l strengthening back-rest atttaclied to the aryand strengthening back-rest attached to l said back-rest, and therecesses at the lower the said main back-rest, and the lower ends of theside bars being connected by the cross'- b'ar, having Athecircumferential recesses, said cross-bar resting o n the rear legs whenthe chair is open, and the recesses near the lower ends of the front andrear legs, said recesses striking against the sound deadening cushionson tne main back-rest and overlapping the said inain back-rest, and thelower ends` of the legs inclosing the side ends of the secondary andstrengthening back-rest, and the bottom cross-bar of the back-framefolding beyond and inclosing the upper extensions of the legs when thechair is folded, the chafe preventing cushions in the rear of the mainback-rest, and the chafe preventing cushionsin the rear ofthe legcross-bar protecting the chair front and rear froin the chafing ofthenext chair when two or more of the chairs are packed or nested together,substantially as shown and described.

l2. The combination in a folding chair, the side-bars pivoted to therear extensions of the front legs, said side-bars connected at the upperends of the back-rest, and the ends of the front and rear legs, saidrecesses overlapping the main back-rest, and the lower ends of the legsinclosing the side ends ofthe strengthening back-rest when the chair isfolded, substantially as set forth.

13. 'lhe combination in a folding chair,

the side-bars of the back-frame pivoted to the rear extensions of thefront legs, said sid ebars connected at the upper ends by the baclcrest,and the strengthening back-rest attached to the said back-rest, and thelower ends of the side bars connected by the crossbar, tlie lower endsof the front and rear legs folding between the side ends of tliestrengtliening back-rest and the side-bars of the baclvfraine when thechair folded, stantially as set forth.

In testiinony whereof l have signed iny naine to this application in thepresence of two subscribing witnesses.

HEN RY CLAY FO RS l lA Y.

Witnesses z ROBERT MoDoNiiLn, JOHN B. Lofrz.

subw

